Penetration Test - Revision history

Mireya at 21:15, 14 June 2018

2018-06-14T21:15:56Z

Wikimc at 15:36, 17 June 2013

2013-06-17T15:36:30Z

Wikimc: /* Methods */

2013-06-17T15:35:39Z

‎Methods

Wikimc at 20:24, 14 June 2013

2013-06-14T20:24:21Z

Wikimc: /* Needle Penetration (ASTM D 1231) */

2013-06-14T20:23:23Z

‎Needle Penetration (ASTM D 1231)

Wikimc at 20:11, 14 June 2013

2013-06-14T20:11:01Z

Wikimc: /* Methods */

2013-04-09T17:22:13Z

‎Methods

Wikimc at 17:21, 9 April 2013

2013-04-09T17:21:22Z

Wikimc: /* Needle Penetration (ASTM D-1231 */

2013-04-09T17:18:22Z

‎Needle Penetration (ASTM D-1231

Wikimc: /* Methods */

2013-04-09T17:17:54Z

‎Methods

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:15, 14 June 2018
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−	[[~~Archivo~~:Needle-1.jpg\|280x280px\|miniaturadeimagen\|default\|On the left: needle for needle penetration Test. On the right: needle for cone penetration test]]	+	[[File:Needle-1.jpg\|280x280px\|miniaturadeimagen\|default\|On the left: needle for needle penetration Test. On the right: needle for cone penetration test]]

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 The needle penetration method is used for waxes with a penetration less than 250dmm, as in the case of some paraffin and microcrystalline waxes, while the cone penetration method is used to perform the measurement in "soft waxes" like slacks waxes.
 [[Archivo:Needle-1.jpg|280x280px|miniaturadeimagen|default|On the left: needle for needle penetration Test. On the right: needle for cone penetration test]]
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 Pour the liquid wax in the container and let cool to room temperature, place it in a water bath at 25°C for 2 hours. Remove the sample from the water bath and place it on the penetrometer making sure the penetrometer´s scale reads zero. Lift the penetrometer´s base until the needle touches the sample and press the penetrometer insurance and start the count (5 seconds). Within the 5 seconds release the insurance and press the handle on the top.
 Finale take the reading which indicates the needle on the scale, the reading is given in tenths of a millimeter.
 =References=
 <references/>

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 The needle penetration method is used for waxes with a penetration less than 250dmm, as in the case of some paraffin and microcrystalline waxes, while the cone penetration method is used to perform the measurement in "soft waxes" like slacks waxes.
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 Pour the liquid wax in the container and let cool to room temperature, place it in a water bath at 25°C for 2 hours. Remove the sample from the water bath and place it on the penetrometer making sure the penetrometer´s scale reads zero. Lift the penetrometer´s base until the needle touches the sample and press the penetrometer insurance and start the count (5 seconds). Within the 5 seconds release the insurance and press the handle on the top.
 Finale take the reading which indicates the needle on the scale, the reading is given in tenths of a millimeter.
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 =References=
 <references/>

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 Verify that the penetrometer has the needle penetration placed and check that the indicator needle is placed at “zero” on the scale. Place the container cylinder so that the sample surface is level with the needle. This is done by rising or lowering the base with a screw located in the back of the penetrometer.  Press the needle shaft and at the same time start the count of 5 seconds using a stopwatch or clock. And once the 5 seconds elapsed release the shaft of the penetrometer. Without moving the needle or the penetrometer´s base, press the handle located on the top of the penetrometer, until it touches the top of the needle holder. Finale take the reading which indicates the needle on the scale, the reading is given in tenths of a millimeter.
-==Cone Penetration (ASTM D 937)==
 This test method covers measuring with a penetrometer the penetration of petrolatum as an empirical measure of consistency.<ref name="multiple"> </ref>.
 Pour the liquid wax in the container and let cool to room temperature, place it in a water bath at 25°C for 2 hours. Remove the sample from the water bath and place it on the penetrometer making sure the penetrometer´s scale reads zero. Lift the penetrometer´s base until the needle touches the sample and press the penetrometer insurance and start the count (5 seconds). Within the 5 seconds release the insurance and press the handle on the top.

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-==Needle Penetration (ASTM D 1231)==
+==Needle Penetration ==
-This test method covers the empirical estimation of the consistency of waxes derived from petroleum by measurement of the excent of penetration of a standard needle. This test method is applicable to waxes having a penetration of not greater than 250.<ref name="multiple">Annual Book of ASTM-Standards (American Society for Testing and Materials), Petroleum Products, Lubrications. (1999). West Conshohocken, Sect. 5</ref>.
+This test method (ASTM D 1231) covers the empirical estimation of the consistency of waxes derived from petroleum by measurement of the excent of penetration of a standard needle. This test method is applicable to waxes having a penetration of not greater than 250.<ref name="multiple">Annual Book of ASTM-Standards (American Society for Testing and Materials), Petroleum Products, Lubrications. (1999). West Conshohocken, Sect. 5</ref>.
 The wax sample is melted to approximately 17°C above its congealing point. The melted wax is then poured into a cylinder container with a base to lie on a flat surface and once it has cool at in the room at 25°C, the container with the solidified wax is placed in a water bath at 25°C for 1 hour.
 Verify that the penetrometer has the needle penetration placed and check that the indicator needle is placed at “zero” on the scale. Place the container cylinder so that the sample surface is level with the needle. This is done by rising or lowering the base with a screw located in the back of the penetrometer.  Press the needle shaft and at the same time start the count of 5 seconds using a stopwatch or clock. And once the 5 seconds elapsed release the shaft of the penetrometer. Without moving the needle or the penetrometer´s base, press the handle located on the top of the penetrometer, until it touches the top of the needle holder. Finale take the reading which indicates the needle on the scale, the reading is given in tenths of a millimeter.
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 ==Cone Penetration (ASTM D 937)==

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 The penetration test is the measures of the depth to which a needle with a definite top load penetrates the wax sample. Where the conditions of test are not specifically mentioned, the load, time, and temperature are understood to be 100 g, 5 sec, 25° respectively, and the units of penetration to indicate tenths of a millimeter.
-The penetration test is particularly well adapted for microcrystalline waxes, and is more reliable than the durometer test in determining hardness <ref>Warth, A. H.; The Chemistry and Technology of Waxes. Reinhold Publishing Corporation. Second Edition, p. 612 – 614</ref>. A hard wax has a low penetration, whereas a soft wax has a high penetration.
+The penetration test is particularly well adapted for microcrystalline waxes, and is more reliable than the durometer test in determining hardness <ref>Warth, A. H.; The Chemistry and Technology of Waxes. Reinhold Publishing Corporation. Second Edition, p. 612 – 614</ref>.
 =Methods=
-This test provides an estimate of the consistency of waxes and their molecular characteristics. It has been reported that the needle penetration on paraffin waxes increases with the increase of iso-and cyclo-paraffin<ref>Zaky,  M.T. (2005) A Study on the Dependence of Penetration on the Physical and Molecular Characteristics of Paraffin Waxes. Petroleum Science and Technology, Vol. 23, p 1381–1392</ref>.
+It has been reported that the needle penetration on paraffin waxes increases with the increase of  iso- and cyclo-paraffin<ref>Zaky,  M.T. (2005) A Study on the Dependence of Penetration on the Physical and Molecular Characteristics of Paraffin Waxes. Petroleum Science and Technology, Vol. 23, p 1381–1392</ref>. A hard wax has a low penetration, whereas a soft wax has a high penetration.
-Place the specimen container on the perforated test shelf with the smooth wax surface that had contacted the brass plate at the top.
+==Needle Penetration (ASTM D 1231)==
-Place a 50 g weight above the penetrometer needle. Observe that the release mechanism does not drag on the shaft and that indicator on the scale in the “zero” position.
+This test method covers the empirical estimation of the consistency of waxes derived from petroleum by measurement of the excent of penetration of a standard needle. This test method is applicable to waxes having a penetration of not greater than 250.<ref name="multiple">Annual Book of ASTM-Standards (American Society for Testing and Materials), Petroleum Products, Lubrications. (1999). West Conshohocken, Sect. 5</ref>.
-Then, by means of the slow-motion adjustment, bring the needle tip to just touch the surface of the specimen, watching the reflection of the needle tip as an aid to accurate setting. After 5 min, release the needle shaft and hold it free for 5 s, timing this interval automatically or with a stop watch graduated to 0.1 s. Then gently depress the indicator shaft until is stopped by the needle shaft and read the penetration from the indicator scale. Record as a single test value the average scale reading for the four penetrations on the prepared specimen and report to the nearest 0.1mm <ref name="multiple">Annual Book of ASTM-Standards (American Society for Testing and Materials), Petroleum Products, Lubrications. (1999). West Conshohocken, Sect. 5</ref>.
 ==Cone Penetration (ASTM D 937)==
-This test method covers measuring with a penetrometer the penetration of petrolatum as an empirical measure of consistency.
+This test method covers measuring with a penetrometer the penetration of petrolatum as an empirical measure of consistency.<ref name="multiple"> </ref>.
 =References=
 <references/>

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 =Methods=
 This test provides an estimate of the consistency of waxes and their molecular characteristics. It has been reported that the needle penetration on paraffin waxes increases with the increase of iso-and cyclo-paraffin<ref>Zaky,  M.T. (2005) A Study on the Dependence of Penetration on the Physical and Molecular Characteristics of Paraffin Waxes. Petroleum Science and Technology, Vol. 23, p 1381–1392</ref>.
 ==Needle Penetration (ASTM D-1231==
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 Melt the sample at 82 ±2°C, fill the containers to within 6 mm of their rims. Allow the filled container to cool in a location free from drafts and at a temperature controlled to 25 ±2°C for 16 to 18 h. Then cover and place the samples in the water bath for 2 h to bring the temperature to 25 ± 0.5°C before testing.
 Place the can of petrolatum on the penetrometer table, so located that the tip of the penetrometer cone is 25 to 40 mm in from the rim of the container. Observe that the cone is in its “zero” position and adjust either the indicator assembly or the table, dependent on the type of instrument, until the tip of the cone just touches the surface of the sample. Watching the shadow of the tip is an aid to accurate setting. Finally, quickly release the plunger and hold for 5 s. Read the total penetration from the scale. Make at least three determinations.
 =References=
 <references/>